Intro to Part 4 (pp.610-615) + Chapter 13 (pp. 617-649)

I learned that the eras we will be talking about is the ancient then classical and finally modern era. The main question that we should keep in mind this semester is if we are are still in the modern era. What it means to be modern is the technology we have available today and the rapidity of change. Chapter 13 is the political transformations of empires and encounters. We see European empires expanding to the Americas. The Spanish colonized the Caribbean, the Portuguese colonized Brazil, and the British, French, and Dutch all colonized North America. What gave the Europeans advantage in colonizing lands far away from home is that they had knowledge in air currents, innovation in mapping, navigation, and sailing technology. As many know about Hernan Cortes who was a Spanish conquistador who led the expedition to what is today Mexico and caused the fall of the Aztec Empire. Assisting Cortes in the fall of the Aztec Empire was Dona Marina, also known as La Malinche who was a interpreter, advisor, and loved Cortes. There would be a great dying epidemic because explorers and conquistadors from he New World brought diseases that would lead to around 60 to 80 million people dying. This was a social breakdown of Native Societies because their small villages were being depleted due to the quick loss of people from the diseases. Due to European colonization there was the beginning of the columbian exchange was was exchange of people, trade, disease, plants, and animals. The large scale transformations that the European Empires were generating around this time was the demographic collapse of Native societies. There was combinations of indigenous, European and African people meaning new societies were arising. With new plants and animals then there would be more crops and agriculture would improve. Silver mines became important in Mexico and Peru that were fueled by the trans Atlantic and trans Pacific commerce. This meant that there would be a need for workers and led to a mass scale of slavery. The cash crops that became very popular at this time was sugar and the cotton trade. From all this there was a rapid population because with more resources available then countries could maintain a large population. Who became most dominant around the world at this time were the Western Europeans. Although the Europeans benefited most by creating empires around the world they did not realize that there would be consequences on trying to maintain an empire across the ocean.

Chapter 23 Capitalism and Culture (pp.1137-1171) and Chapter 23 visual sources

As the chapter starts off, I learned about how there is a widespread availability of Barbie in Muslim Iran that has become a small example of power of global commerce in the world of the early twenty-first century. However other two other muslim dolls were created whose names are Sara and Dara, who are two Iranian Muslim dolls that counteract the negative influence of Barbie and Ken who had both dominated Iran's toy market. By creating both Sara and Dara this shows that there is not only resistance to the culture values that are associated with American products but also happens in the countries. Although there is a difference between Sara and Barbie there is also something in common which is that both were manufactured in China. We see a triangular relationship between United States, Iran, and China that symbolizes that growing integration of world economies and cultures and the conflicts that were generated by this process. There was an increase in dense web of political relationships, economic transactions, and cultural influences that occurred across the world's many peoples, countries, and regions that blinded them together more tightly and this all occurred during the twentieth century. Globalization was the process of accelerating engagement among distant peoples by the 1990s. Even though this term was new the process was not because globalization had occurred since far in the past. Places where globalization had once occurred was in the Arab, Mongol, Russian, Chinese, and Ottoman empires; also the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and trans-Saharan trade routes; spread of Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam were all connections that had long linked the societies of the Eastern Hemisphere. With these connections there would be new rulers, regions, products, disease, and technologies to the people who lived in these empires. Through the Columbian exchange the Western Hemisphere and inner Africa would be permanently brought into a global network of communication, exchange, and often exploitation. The four major process that would accelerate global interaction after the impact from World War II were transformation of the world economy, emergence of global feminism, the confrontation of world religions with modernity, and the growing awareness of humankind's enormous impact on the environment. We have come to see that commonly today there is american acceptialism were everyone in the world should try to be like America with a democracy. Feminism has become a main topic today meaning that women are free to express gifts and talents in the world. Many people think that we are not going into a post-modern era but a Anthropocene Era which involves humans who have the capacities to change the evolution of the world itself. This era outlines the challenges that people in the future or my generation will have to deal with.

Chapter 21 Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict (pp. 1035-1068) + Ch 21 documents (pp. 1069-1085)

As I read about the The Rise and Fall of World Communism from 1917 to present; I learned that there was a growing disbelief in the ability of the communist regime to provide a decent life for the people and this would play as an important factor in the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Earlier in this century communism had been welcome with open hands by countries like Russia, China, Cuba, and Vietnam, as a promise to the people of liberation from inequality, oppression, exploitation, and backwardness. This all sounded like a great life for the people and everyone quickly agreed that communism was the way to go towards achieving a better life. Due to the wake of war, revolution, or both communist regimes were able to quickly rise to power all throughout the world. After communist regimes were established then they would begin a thorough and revolutionary transformation of their societies by building socialism. Western world of capitalism and democracy feltht threat from the world communism that posed a strong military and political/idealogical power. Quickly there was separation and division between continents, countries, cities into communist and noncommunist halves. With the spread of communism there would be a rise of rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union (also known as USSR) for who would have greater influence in the southern part of the globe. Then came about and arms race for destructive nuclear weapons that would strike fear in all of the people around the world because schoolchildren would scramble under their desks during air raid drills, and sober scientist conjectured of possible extinction of human life or even all life if a major war were to break out. Then thankfully within the last two decades of the twentieth century there was the collapse of the communist regimes or also the abandonment of communist principles everywhere. The huge struggle between capitalism and communism, which was embodied by both United States and the Soviet Union, would all be resolved in a far more peaceful manner then anyone would have thought. As we read the Russian Revolution would bring to power the twentieth century's first communist government and would launch an intentional communist movement that embodied around one-third of the world's people around this time. Following the Russian Revolution would be a civil war through the Bolshevik eyes. The Bolshevik hoped to bring light of modernity and progress to a backward country, while depicting their opponent that they hoped to extinguish their light.

Chapter 22 Documents (pp. 1120-1135)

In documents I read about how visuals sources are important in representing independence. A great achievement of political independence from foreign domination marked a singular moment for millions of people in Africa and Asia for their personal and collective histories. This moment marked a new start of the people since they could build new lives and new societies. The struggle and and after the independence of these countries was expressed through poster art. These images expressed in poster art helped in inspiring and mobilizing large numbers of people for the tasks to move forward and look forward to a better future and to celebrate success at times. The African National Congress would lead a long march to freedom in South Africa that would finally be achieved in 1994. Even after Vietnam went through decades of opposition to French colonial rule and Japanese aggression, they still had a long struggle with American military intervention from the 1960s till the 1970s. This struggle was created from an effort of North Vietnam and the communist supports in the south that a worked together to reunify their country and also to drive out American military forces. This was going to be a difficult task to achieve since there were over a half million American military forces in Vietnam around the mid-1960s. North Vietnamese would succeed in driving out the American military forces by 1975. This was a surprising event not just the small Southeast Asian country that had accomplished a great feat but a surprising reversal for the American superpower who had lost control. The reasons for the America losing control over North Vietnam are still discussed but this occurring of events would be very significant for Vietnamese understandings of their national independence. From the drawing we learn that it is celebrating aspects of the unlikely achievement. Another major event during this time was the establishment of a independent state of Israel in 1948. This event would be seen as an enormous victory for Jewish people because of the return of Jewish people who had scattered and could now come back to the ancient biblical homeland from which many Jews had led or been expelled by various foreign rulers. The many foreign rulers that had expelled the Jewish from Israel were the Babylonian, Assyrian, Roman, Byzantine, and Crusader European. These change of events would lead to history being written for a new beginning and more change of events would occur in the future.

Chapter 22 The End of Empire (pp.1087-1119)

The End of the Empire was during the twentieth century which had an immense significance for the struggle for independence or decolonization. This became to be seen as a dramatic change for nation states were able to gain control to rule themselves finally after being controlled by empires that ran the world's political life in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The declining legitimacy of both empire and race as a credible basis for political or social life was signaled by decolonization. Decolonization helped not only bring national freedom but also personal dignity, abundance, and opportunity. Within these newly independent nations there would be changes in the political, economic, and cultural experiments, but also new challenges: changing the legacies of empire, the devision of language, ethnicity, religion, and class; the rapidly growing number in their population; and the competing demands of the capitalist West and communist East; tasks of building a more modern economy, stable politics, and coherent nations; then finally being able to compete with other nations that were already industrialized. European colonial empires in Africa and Asia at first appeared as permanent features of the world's political landscape in 1900. However this would quickly change by a breakthrough of countries in Asia and the Middle East in the late 1940s. These nations were the Philippines, India, Pakistan, Burma, Indonesia, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Israel who all achieved independence. There would be more than fifty colonies gaining independence in Africa from he mid-1950s through the mid-1970s which would lead to a change in history. At last South Africa would be able to put an end to the apartheid. This struggle in South Africa was not against a European colonial power, since they had gained their independence from Great Britain since 1910. Their independence was granted by a government that consisted of white settler minority, which was made up of less than 20 percent of the total population. While the black South Africans' struggled since they had no political rights whatsoever within the central state even though they made up a majority of the population. South Africa was able to develop a mature industrial economy by the early twentieth century that was first based off of gold and diamond mining, then included secondary industries such as steel, chemicals, automobile manufacturing, rubber processing, and heavy engineering. This comes to show that their economy did not rely upon one certain product and was very vast. Thanks to foreign investment and loans the economy benefited since the 1960s. The people working in the urban industries or mines, provided labor for white-owned farms consisted of black Africans who were all involved in the complex modern economy. This came to show that there was a very high dependence upon Africans for the white-controlled economy which left individuals highly vulnerable to repressive action, but the threat to withdraw their essential labor also gave them an advantage of using their weapon. Even though South Africa was able to gain its independence from the empire there was still much that the nation needed to change and improve. With time though there would be progress to move forward and change the way of life for the people for the better.

Chapter 14 Economic Transformations Commerce and Consequence 1450-1750

The Atlantic slave trade is a reminder of the enormous significance it had on commerce in human beings for the early modern world and its long last echoes that still are around in the twenty-first century. The slave trade was only one component of the international network of exchange that shaped human interactions between the time of 1450 and 1750. Europe quickly began growing prominence in long-distance exchange, they were not the only country that was a active trader. Other countries were Southeast Asians, Chines Indians, Armenians, Arabs, and Africans who played major roles in the making of a world economy during the early modern era. There was a rise in a commerce joined empire that became a global network during this time. With this economic transformation there would be a rise to new relationships, old patterns would come back and brought people who were once distant from one another together, enriched some, and impoverished or enslaved others. The wold world would be left behind, while a new on slowly emerged that came with much suffering and with growing inequalities. Many things would be gained but also lost in the transformation from the birth of a new global commerce. After Portugal began empire of commerce began to grow, Spain would challenge their position in increasing their empire throughout the world as well. Spain realized that they were behind in the race to gain access to the riches of East since Portuguese ships began to arrive in Europe with precious and profitable spices.. So Spain established themselves on what is known as today the Philippine Islands, named after the Spanish king Philip II. These islands were occupied by culturally diverse peoples and organized in small and highly competitive chiefdoms. This region was of little importance to countries like China and Japan who were the major powers in the area at the time. Since the Spanish saw that these spice islands, that were small and had militarily weak societies, the absence of competing claims, this encouraged the Spanish to establish colonial rule on the islands similar to the Portuguese style trading post empire. The Philippine Islands would remain as a Spanish colonial terrify until the end of the nineteenth century. With Spanish rule came a missionary effort, which turned Filipino societies into a major outpost of Christianity in Asia. Many features of Spanish colonial practice in the Americas found themselves happening in the Philippines as well. People that once lived in scattered settlements were either persuaded or forced to relocate themselves into Christian communities. People had to begin to deal with tribute, taxes, and unpaid labor which had not been part of their ordinary life before. The practices that were happening to the people in the Philippines was very unfair and Spain was the only country benefiting from their colonization, doing nothing in return for the people who lived there.

Chapter 15 Cultural Transformation Religion and Science (pp.740-752) + Document 15.2, Condorcet (pp.756-57)

The birth of modern science became a new way of thinking. Europe's Scientific Revolution was a vast intellectual and cultural transformation that took place between mid-sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. For the men during the scientific revolution they would knowledge through a combination of careful observation, controlled experiments, and the formulation of general laws, expressed in mathematical terms. The people who contributed to the Scientific Revolution were Copernicus from Poland, Galileo from Italy, Descartes from France, Newton from England, and others who saw themselves moving forward from older ways of thinking. It was time to leave the old ways behind and lay a new Foundation of a more magnificent Philosophy. Science became so widespread by the twentieth century that it lost its association with European culture and became the main symbol of global modernity. Modern science was able to become a universal worldview like the main religions Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam; modern science was open to all who accepted its premises and its techniques. Science in the Nineteenth century changed for perspectives from the Enlightenment were not only being challenged by romanticism and religious enthusiasm but by a new development of European science. Modern science began to be applied to new domains of human inquiry in was that would undermine the assumptions of the Enlightenment. Charles Darwin was one of many people who challenged assumptions of the Enlightenment arguing that life has always been in constant change, and over millions of years new species of plants and animals have appeared while others went into extinction. This is is the same for humans, for they too were the work of evolution operating through natural selection. Karl Marx was another important figure at the time, articulating his view of human history that emphasized change and struggle. The change was a successful historical transformation in social classes that went from slave owners and slaves, nobles and peasants, and finally capitalists and workers. Marx saw himself as a scientist, basing his theories on extensive historical research that was similar to both Newton and Darwin. Marx aimed to formulate general laws that would help explain events in a rational way. Darwin and Marx believed strongly in a society that would progress through conflict and struggle, that was far more efficient then reason and education for progressing forward. The Enlightenment way of thinking which was through thought, rational, and independent individual was fading away. This cultural transformation would spread through all of Europe and lead to a more advanced society.

Chapter 20 Collapse at the Center World War, Depression, and the Rebalancing of Global Power 1914-1970s + Chapter 20 Documents (pp. 1018-1033)

As we all know from 1914-1918 was the First World War or World War I which was a whole new phase of world history that occurred. This European civil war would provoke the Russian Revolution and would lead to the beginnings of world communism. Following World War I we would see an meltdown in the economy due to the Great Depression, then the rise of Nazi Germany that would lead to the Holocaust that demonstrated pure horror, and then an even more deadly World War II. Within a short period of only three decades Europe which was once seen as the dominating center of the modern world system will have self-destructed or fallen apart. Many could say that Europe had damaged itself beyond self repair, all while the United States and the Soviet Union rose to bring about a shift from being minor countries to becoming global powers. Even after devastation of war, Europe was able to recover slowly but surely in the second half of the century thanks to its restoration of its industrial economy, and would finally put aside their differences of a war prone nationalist passion in a loss European Union. After all these events unfolding in Europe, after 1945 Europe would lose its control as the political, economic, and military core of Western civilization marking a new start in history. This meant that United stakes was now in charge of making a change in the historical development of the West. The country that was once restrained by chains, now could move freely and walk a path free of options. The Great War or also known as the First World War was a event that changed everyone. No one expected the war to go on for more then the late summer of 1914, many expecting their son home by Christmas; however, this was not the case for it would end after a little more then four years with German defeat in November of 1918. The casualties were far larger then anyone expected due to trench warfare where each side was fighting restlessly to gain or lose only a few years of muddy, blood-soaked ground. These battles did not last only a few days or weeks but would carry on for months in places like Verdun and the Somme in France. What made World War I more perfidious is that the countries that became involved ended up in total war where the entire country was mobilizing for war. The aftermath of this war would bering about change that was both social and cultural for the ordinary Europeans and Americans. This war changed not only the way of living but the entire way of history. Horror struck many of how many casualties there were in the war and many hoped that this would never happen again.
From the documents I looked at the propaganda and critique in World War I. War is something that artist would create, the meaning of the drawing would be to portray the enemy in the most terrible way. Posters and drawings were created to generate public support for the struggle of what was going on. However for independent artist, they would draw something different which was the face of the hostilities and their aftermath from the war. The illustrations shown in the visual sources illustrate both perspectives on the First World War. The visual source that stood out most to me was The Battlefield on page 1030 which demonstrates maimed, and disfigured veterans,, man of them had men without faces. The men in the drawings were a reminder of a terrible past that many wanted to forget. Trench warfare was where most of the fighting occurred and in the drawing we see men go over the top only able to gain a few yards of bloody ground before being thrown back with a high number of casualties. John Nash free the picture and was an official war artist. Nash was one of eight-man of a British unit that had to go over the top in late 1917 and was one of twelve survivors from that attack. As a reminder of what he had gone through he painted this picture three months later. This comes to show that many people are never able to forget what they went to and are able to share their memories through stories, poems, and drawings.

Chapter 15 Religions and Science 1450-1750

I learned that in the early modern era of world history there was the birth of tow different cultural trends that would be very influential in the twenty-first century. The first major event was the spread of Christianity to Asians, Africans, and Native Americans who seemed to be returning a favor. The second major event even was an emergence of a modern scientific outlooks that challenged Western Christianity even as began to become global. During this time of new empires and new patterns of commerce, there was a connection between distant peoples from the novel of cultural transformations. Christianity was at first a tradition that was limited to Europe in 1500 but slowly become a world religion, being established in the Americans and the Philippines; then slowly spreading to Siberia, China, and Japan. At the same time, there was the rise of a cultural encounter that was between science and religion due to a new approach to knowledge that was taking shape among European thinkers of the Scientific Revolution. Science was a new way for people to think about life and became almost something of a new religion. Science quickly gained a worldwide acceptance that was far bigger then that of Christianity or any other religion. The cultural interactions during the early modern era, was not something small but very extreme and occurred in many ways. European political and economic expansion benefitted from the motivation from Christianity. Both Catholic Spain and the Portuguese viewed movement overseas as a continuation of a long crusading tradition. Columbus and Vasco de Gama's both hoped that the people of the land they discovered would convert to Christianity. Neither man felt like there was contradiction or hypocrisy though the blending of religious and material concerns. On page 726-727 we se a map that shows the globalization of Christianity, of growing Christian presence in Asia, Africa, and the America. Christianity, combined with older enters of that faith, all helped in giving the religion of Jesus a global dimension during the early modern era. Faith of different types was spread to other countries by colonial settlers and traders who hoped to replicate their beliefs in newly conquered homelands. This comes to show that colonial settlers and traders helped in spreading new beliefs and faiths to other countries.

Chapter 19 Documents Consider the Evidence: Changing China pp. 958-971

Today I learned about Gender, reform, and revolution from document 19.3. Like in many other countries, the question of women's role in society arose in China. A well-known advocate for women was Qiu Jin who lived from 1875 till 1907. Jin would do something in 1903 which was absurd to for a chines woman which was a leaving her husband and children to gain an education in Japan. Jin would begin a women's magazine and would become active in revolutionary circles when she returned in 1906. In 1907, Jin was arrested and beheaded for her role in trying to overthrow the Qing dynasty. A famous appeal of Jin's that is still seen today is An Address to Two Hundred Million Fellow Countrywomen. Jin begins her appeal by talking about how a young girl may be lucky if she has a good father but if her father is ill-tempered and unreasonable man, then he may make her life miserable. Then Jin goes on talking about how after a few years of growing up, her father will bind his daughter's feet with white cloth to stop them from growing; however, he does not know about the discomfort and pain that he puts his daughter through. Jin continues talking about how when it is time for a girl to get married, her future is not decided by her but by shameless matchmakers and a family that seeks rich and powerful in-laws. Here we see that there is no choice for a girl to choose a life that she wants for herself, but instead it is decided for her. Then after a girl is married she awaits either a life with a man that does her no harm meaning she should thank heaven for good fortune or the man is bad meaning she some sin in her previous life. Jin speaks out saying, "When Heaven created people it never intended such injustice because if the world is without women, how can men be born? Why is there no justice for women?" (Strayer 963). Which is a very honest argument saying that men should be more thankful for women and that women should be treated as equally as any other person. Jin speaks about how wojmen need to leave behind their former selves and must look forward to a new beginning. One in which women can make their own decisions and decide freely on how they want their life to be. If women continue to wait, then the time may never come to make a change because by then it will be far to late. If women don't unite and change, then Jin ends her address by saying that it will be too late for China will be destroyed. This is a very strong and meaningful address that opens the readers eyes.

Chapter 16 Atlantic Revolution, Global Echoes 1750-1914 (pp. 781-797)

I learned that the Haitian Revolution was the beginning to a large change that would begin to occur around the world from 1775 till 1825. Both the North American and French Revolutions would inspire the Haitians to be successful in overthrowing the the French rule and would help shape Latin America independence struggles. The Atlantic Revolution was entirely different from one country to another. This form of revolution was caused by different circumstances, that expressed different social and political tensions, and had different outcomes. One of the outstanding revolutions was the North American Revolution that occurred from 1775-1787. As we all learn in school growing up, the American Revolution was the struggle for independence from the oppressive rule of the British. Our struggle here in America began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776, that would lead to a military victory by 1781 and then a federal constitution being created in 1787 that joined the thirteen separated colonies into one new nation. This was one major change of the Atlantic world and would lead to a change in history with a new nation arising. From gaining its independence, the American Revolution would be a conservative movement for it origination revolved around preserving the existing liberties of the previous thirteen colonies that had unified and saved the time from creating new liberties. Differences were seen between Englishmen in England compared to Englishmen that were in the North American colonies. There still excisted a small class of wealthy men which consisted of Adamses, Washingtons, Jeffersons, and Hancocks. This small class of wealthy men would all wear wigs, trying to imitate the style in Europe and stood out in the political life. With the banishment of the Native Americans, and the lack of people, and since there was no nobility like in Europe meant that social life was far more open. White women as well as excluded slaves were not given the same status under the law as were all free men. Due to these conditions there was less poverty, more economic opportunity, fewer social differences, and easier relationship between the classes unlike life in Europe. By the creation of the new U.S. Constitution that included the Bill of Rights, checks and balances, separation of church and state, and federalism were all efforts that put the ideas of the Enlightenment into practice. This document still exist to this very day, the ideas that were accepted still echoed in the following centuries and would lead to far more changes to help the nation move forward.

Chapter 16 Echoes of Revolution 1750-1914 and Chapter 16 Documents

I learned from the Echoes of Revolution that many different changes would begin which were the abolition of slavery, nations and nationalism, and feminist beginnings. As we know the abolitions strived for the end of slavery; nationalist aimed for foster unity and independence from foreign rule; and feminists challenged male dominance. All of these movements may have begun in Europe and the americas, but each of these movements were key during the Atlantic revolutions, and would have a global significance for the centuries that would occur after. The abolition of slavery would occur after a little longer then a century, from 1780 to 1890, finally slavery had lost its legitimacy and was ended in many countries. For enlightenment thinkers in Europe during the eighteenth-century they saw slavery as a violation of natural rights of every person. The American and French revolutions both made public announcements of liberty and equality and was the focus of attention of these principles. Many different religious voices began to speak for antislavery, first were the Quakers and then Protestant evangelicals in Britain an the United States. Slavery to these two different groups was seen as offensive to their religion and was a crime in the eyes of God. These beliefs began to be accepted because people began to realize that slavery was not as important as they thought for economic progression. Many slaves began to push for the end of slavery thorough successful moments such as the Haitian Revolution that was followed by three other major rebellions in British West Indies. These rebellions demonstrated that slaves were not happy the way they were being treated and these revolts led to fear in the British public opinions. Many people of the British public began to thing in a manner of slavery being, "not only morally wrong and economically inefficient, but also politically unwise" (Strayer 799). These various forms of thinking came from secular, economic, and political that came together in abolitionist movements, that were most powerful in Britain; pushing the government to close down slave trade and eventually ban slavery altogether. As we see on page 799 there is a picture of an antislavery medallion that was created by English Quakers in the late eighteenth century. The Quakers were some of the earliest participants of the abolitionist movement and saw slavey as taking a person's natural rights away. Slavery should have ended far before this but in order for there to be change many people need to get together to speak out against what is happening. This is exactly what we saw during the Atlantic Revolution.

Chapter 19 Empires in Collision Europe, the Middle East, and East Asia 1800-1914

I learned that the Opium War is a memories of a that remains as a central element of China's education for the young, is a warning against the admiration of the West, and is a provided rejoinder to any Western criticism of China. An aggressive and industrializing West while having formal independence was how countries like China were dealing with the change. Other countries that were going through the same thing were Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Persia (currently Iran), Ethiopia, and Siam (currently Thailand). Latin America would also join these countries. Within these countries the governments would able to avoid the incorporation into European colonial empires, having the ability to resist the european aggression and were able to reform or transform their own societies. There were four dimension of the European moment in world history that these countries had to learn to deal with. The first is that had to face the military power and political ambitions of rival European states who wanted control. Second, the countries became involved with the networks of trade, investment, and sometimes migration that began form and industrializing and capitalist Europe that generates a new world economy. The third is that many aspects of traditional European culture influenced their own for some people would learn the French, English, or German language; some people changed religion by converting to Christianity; or began to study European literature and philosophy. The final thing is the engagement wit cult of modernity which was scientific rationalism; and its idea of nationalism, socialism, feminism, and individualism. When the countries encountered these epics, they would either resist, some would accommodate, and almost always adapt what came from the West. All of these countries were participants in the global drama of the nineteenth-century world history, and were not just passive victims or beneficiaries. Within this chapter the focus is primarily on China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan. All of these countries including Latin America, provide a range of experiences, responses, and outcomes and opportunities for comparison. As we see from a photo in the book there would be modernization in Japan as well. Just like in Europe, in Japan railroads became popular as well and became a popular symbol of the modernization in the country. This modernization would help propel the country forward and lead to more advancements within the civilization of the people. Then we see from the map on pg. 955 that Japan modernized after the Meiji restoration, it would launch a empire-building program for further expansion in the 1930s and during world war II. This has come to show that Japan being one of many countries would move forward like many other countries were doing around the world.

Chapter 17 Documents pp. 862-877

From document 17.1 I learned about the experience of an english factory worker. There may have been a technological breakthrough during the Industrial Revolution but there was also a transformation in the organization of work that was demonstrated in the factory. What was different form an artisan's workshop was that the factory concentrated human labor to a single place and would separate workers from final products since they would assign workers specialized and repetitive tasks. The owners and managers would impose strict discipline in their factories and regulated workers lives according to clock time they said for efficiency and productivity. A worker was dependent on modest and uncertain income for economic survival since they were wage earners.  A person who was this type of worker was Elizabeth Bently who was a twenty three year old woman. Bentley would testify in 1831 mills. She would testify against William Harter who was a mill owner. Due to this occurring the result of the investigation, would cause the legislation in 1833 to limit the hours of employment for both women and children. Within the Testimony lot Elizabeth Bentley who was a factory worker we read about the harsh hours that she was given which was form five in the morning till nine at night. She had to endure these hard hours for around half a year. The punishment for Bentley if she was late or slacked a little was that she got strapped. Both boys and girls were given the same punishment of being strapped severely. The result of being strapped was that girls would have black marks on their skin and the parents could not speak out against the factory owner because they were afraid of losing their own job. Bentley couldn't even eat her food in the factory for she did not have much to eat and was always covered in dust. Bentley talks about how the factory workers were not allowed to go home for dinner and would dine in the mill. Many people lived far from the mill, like Bentley who lived two miles away. Bentley talks about how the girls were never beaten for being late; however there was a punishment for the boys. Bentley also talks about at the end of her testimony how she would be up at 2 o'clock in the morning waiting for the mill to open even when it was streaming down with rain. The harsh conditions that women and children had to endure was very painful and many suffered until finally there was change. Even with harsh conditions the women and children could not complain in fear of loosing their job which meant they could not make any money to take home. Although the industrial revolution brought about advancements in life not everyone was given equal treatment and people learned that they needed to speak out for what was right.

Chapter 17 Revolutions of Industrialization 1750-1914

The idea of industrialization since its beginning in Great Britain in late eighteenth century has been embraced by many types of societies because it generated lots of wealth and the power it conveyed. The industrial revolution would influence economy, social structures, and environment. The Industrial Revolution began independently in only one place, Western Europe, and to be exact in Great Britain. The previous breakthrough was the Agricultural Revolution that had occurred around 12,000 years before the industrial revolution and also altered the human way of life. Currently we don't know if the history of industrialization has ended and is still an unfinished story. We don't know if we are at  the beginning of a movement that leads to worldwide industrialization, in the middle of a world where there is division between the rich and poor countries, or approaching an end of an environmentally unsustainable industrial era. The Industrial Revolution was such a large movement that it could not be confined to Britain. It began to spread to continental Western Europe, then by the end of the nineteenth century it spread to countries like United States, Russia, and Japan. Now there was a globalization of industrialization that had begun. Wherever the industrialization was spreading to there was a range of similar outcomes for the countries. With the industrialization came new technologies and sources of energy that would increase production and unprecedented urbanization. There was a dramatic change in class structures for the middle classes and a factory working class grew in numbers as well as prominence while aristocrats, artisans, and peasants declined as classes. Women were not treated equally as men for they were given lower wages than males, had difficulty joining unions that formed, and were accused of taking jobs form men. Trade unions and socialist movements were formed due to working-calss frustration and anger, which became a new social conflict in industrial societies. The Industrial Revolution did not occur in the same manner and unfolded differently in diverse countries where it became based. Pace and timing of industrialization, the size and shape of major industries, the role of the state, the political expression of social conflict, and many other factors that made the process rich in possibilities were all differences of the industrialization in different countries. Some differences we saw was that in France industrialization was lower than in Britain. Then in Germany iron, steel, and coal was where the focus was on for heavy industry while in Britain the textile industry was most important. However the variations of the industrializing process was not more noticeable then in two countries that lay on the periphery of Europe which were the United States and Russia. The United States was a nation that was young, vigorous, democratic, expanding country, populated by people of European decent, along with a large number of slaves of African origin. As for Russia its Eastern Orthodox Christianity, an autocratic tsar, a huge population of serfs, and had an empire that stretched across all of the northern Asia. A French observer Alexis de Tocqueville commented on these two emerging giants in his book Democracy in America, "...Their starting-pint is different and their courses are not the same; yet each of them seems marked out by the will of Heaven to sway the destinies of half the globe." Tocqueville was not wrong because the industrial revolution would turn both the United States and Russia into major global powers.

Chapter 18 Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa 1750-1950

The colonial rule in Asia and Africa would occur in the nineteenth century from 1750-1914. Colonial Rule was controlled by mainly Europeans which were the British, French, Germans, Italians, Belgians, Portuguese, Russians, or Americans.  This European imperialism would involve not only colonizers, but colonized people as well who all would get caught up in the flood of change. Once countries became under European rule during the nineteenth century it was not easy for many people and places to incorporate themselves into a European colony where life would no longer be the same. The people affected most during the European colonial empires were small-scale societies for there was a loss of life, homes, cattle, crops, and land which greatly calamitous. Men like Nguyen Khuyen who was a senior Vietnamese official, would leave everything behind to live back in his ancestral village where he would farm and write poetry after the French conquest. Within his poems there is expressed is anguish of how much the way of living had changed and no longer there was any enjoyment to life because of the European colonialism. Many people began to do the same as Nguyen Khuyen where they would withdraw into a private life and fake an illness so that they would not have to serve in a public office under the French. The oppression of the French rule caused many people to suffer from seeing their people no longer ruling themselves and being told what to do. It is sad how people began to lose all hope in themselves and felt like there was nothing they could do. The people forgot that if they stayed together unified they were stronger in speaking out for their own right to rule themselves then trying to individually make a difference. Due to european rule many individuals began to willingly cooperate with colonial authorities to their own advantage. By joining European-led armed forces men would find themselves employed, have status, and security. Colonial rulers had to rely on local intermediaries because there was a shortage and expense of European administrators. So this made it difficult to communicating across cultural boundaries. People who benefited from this situation were Indian princes, Muslim emirs, and African rulers, elite or governing families, who were able to keep their status and privileges at the same time gaining wealth by exercising the authority they held. European education was promoted by both colonial governments and private missionary organizations. Due to this occurring there would be a small Western-educated class, whose members would serve in the colonial state, European business, and Christian missions as teachers, clerks, translators, and lower-level administrators. The Western-educated class began to be more depended on by the Europeans as colonial governments and business enterprises became more sophisticated and the more traditional elites began to be left out. This shows that even though the colonial rule was not great for the people there were some benefits of the Western-educated class getting a proper education and being able to begin to gain some control by being depended on more by europeans.

Yay- I'm done!